Good for you, because I can tell you that many people don’t.
What is funny to me is that a lot of people, who don’t understand the dynamics
that are involved, are very happy to tell you what is going on.
Most of the time I just shake my head and walk away, there’s
simply no point in arguing with folks who get there news delivered in talking
point format. If you think that the current state of affairs in the Middle East
can be summed up in 140 characters or less, you need to spend more time in a
book!
One of the central themes of my last two books, Queen’s Gambit and Bishop’s Gate, is the very real
threat of terrorism that we face. If you watch the news, you might not truly
understand the complexities of what is going on. So I thought a bit of a
refresher course would be in order. Please, understand that this is an
introductory look at the subject and is in no means meant to be
construed as comprehensive.
The Middle East, like Ireland, is complex and should be
studied at length.
For the purposes of this we are going to look at things
beginning in the early 1900’s. At the time, the Ottoman Empire controlled the
Middle East, this would soon come to an end thanks to WW I. By 1917, the
British Empire had made three different agreements with three different groups
promising three different political futures for the Arab world. The Arabs
insisted they still get their Arab kingdom that was promised to them through
Sharif Hussein (McMahon-Hussein Correspondence). The French and British
expected to divide up that same land among themselves (Sykes-Picot Agreement).
And the Zionists expected to be given Palestine as promised by the
Foreign Secretary for Britain (Balfour Declaration).
As you can see, things were not off to a good start from the
beginning.
After the war, the League of Nations (the forerunner to the
United Nations) was created and one of its roles was to divide up the conquered
Ottoman land. It was the League who ‘created’ the Arab world we know today. The
borders were drawn arbitrarily, without any regard for the people living there.
No consideration was given to ethnic, geographic, or religious issues. These
lands were supposed to be ruled by the British or French until such time as
they were able to stand alone. The differences between Iraqis, Syrians,
Jordanians, etc. were entirely created, as a method of dividing the Arabs
against each other.
The situation in Palestine was even worse. The British
government created the British Mandate of Palestine and allowed the Zionists to
settle there. However, they set limitations on the number, because they did not
want to anger the Arabs already living there. This condition continued to
fester until 1947 when the United Nations dissolved the British Mandate of Palestine
and created a partition plan for Palestine. Under this resolution it required
the withdrawal of the British Empire and created independent Arab and Jewish
States. It also established the Special International Regime for the City of
Jerusalem.
Of course the plan was accepted by the Jewish people and
rejected by the Arabs. Immediately after the resolution passed, civil war broke
out.
Recently I heard a college educated woman say that the Jews
came in and stole the land from the Palestinians. Here is a news flash; the
Jewish people have lived in this area since 2500 BC. The ‘nation’ of Palestine
is a modern creation.
While the U.N. resolution passed, it was not without issues.
Every Arab nation voted against it. Here are some examples of the sentiment
that existed:
Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Said, said: "We will smash the country with our guns and
obliterate every place the Jews seek shelter in". He also called for ‘severe measures’ to be taken against all
Jews in Arab countries.
General Secretary of the Arab League, Azzam Pasha, said: “Personally I hope the Jews do not force us
into this war because it will be a war of elimination and it will be a
dangerous massacre which history will record similarly to the Mongol massacre
or the wars of the Crusades."
Egyptian King Farouk said that in the long run the Arabs
would soundly defeat the Jews and “drive
them out of Palestine.”
So, despite the creation of five Arab states (Lebanon,
Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Jordan), the Arab world still demand the
creation of an Arab Palestine state. Clearly, they had drawn the famous ‘line
in the sand.’
After the resolution passed, the surrounding Arab
states, Egypt, Transjordan, Iraq and Syria invaded
what had just ceased to be Mandatory Palestine. They immediately attacked
Israeli forces and several Jewish settlements. During the civil war,
the Jewish and Arab
communities of Palestine clashed (the latter supported by
the Arab Liberation Army) while the British, who had the obligation to
maintain order, organized their withdrawal and intervened only on an
occasional basis. The conflict then turned into what is known as the 1948
Arab–Israeli War.
The one year conflict triggered significant demographic
changes throughout the Middle East. Around 700,000 Palestinian Arabs fled
or were expelled from the area that became Israel and they
became Palestinian refugees. In the three years following the war, about
700,000 Jews immigrated to Israel with one third of them having fled, or
having been expelled, from their previous countries of residence in the Middle
East.
Despite what many believed would be a one-sided battle, the
Jewish people did not get the memo. They fought as if their very lives depended
on it, and it did. In the end, not only had the Jewish people retained the area
that the UN General Assembly Resolution (#181) had recommended for
the proposed Jewish state, but they also took control of almost 60% of the area
allocated for the proposed Arab state.
So there you have the ‘basic’ primer for the problems
between the Arabs and the nation of Israel.
Now, you would think that would be enough, but you would be
wrong. You see, when they turn their attention away from Israel, they seem to
be inclined to have issues with one another as well.
Iran – The
current make-up of Iran is much different than it was. Following WWII the
country was led by the Shah of Iran. However, the oil crisis of the 70’s
created an economic recession which led to the Islamic revolution in 1979. The
new regime proceeded to storm and occupy the US Embassy in Tehran in what is
known as the Iran Hostage Crisis from November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981.
The current regime is a theocracy, under the rule of the country’s supreme
religious leader, the Ayatollah. Iran is a predominantly Shia Islam country.
This toppling of the Shah led to concerns in Iraq, that its new Shia neighbor
might be a problem.
Iraq – This
country has known nothing but turmoil since it was a British mandate. From WWI
to the 60’s, the country was in a constant state of flux, with one coup d’état
after another. Then, in 1979, Saddam Hussein, a Sunni, ascended to the top
slot. Hussein initially welcomed the overthrow of the Shah in Iran and sought
to establish good relations with the Ayatollah Khomeini's new government.
Khomeini had other ideas. He openly called for the spread of the Islamic
Revolution to Iraq and took to arming Shiite and Kurdish rebels against
Saddam's regime and sponsoring assassination attempts on senior Iraqi
officials. This led to a series of military conflicts between the two countries,
including the use of Weapons of Mass Destruction, throughout the 80’s.
When Saddam Hussein was ousted from power Iran began to make
its in-roads. They actively engaged against US military forces, providing some
of the most lethal IED’s encountered.
The current Iraqi Prime Minister, Haider Al-Abadi, is a Shia Muslim, and
is enjoying a new relationship with Iran, including military assistance in
fighting ISIS.
Lebanon – Has
also experienced upheaval since its inception. When they went to war against Israel,
100,000 Palestinian refugees fled to the country because of the war. Israel did
not permit their return after the cease-fire. With the defeat of
the PLO in Jordan, many Palestinian militants relocated to Lebanon,
increasing their armed campaign against Israel. The relocation of
Palestinian bases also led to increasing sectarian tensions between
Palestinians and the Christian Maronite’s as well as other Lebanese factions.
In 1975, following increasing sectarian violence, civil war broke out in
Lebanon. It pitted a coalition of Christian groups against the joint forces of
the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), left-wing Druze and Muslim
militias. In June 1976 Syria sent in its own troops, ostensibly to restore
peace.
In 1982, the continued PLO attacks from Lebanon on Israel
led to an Israeli invasion. A multinational peacekeeping force of
American, French and Italian military units, joined in 1983 by a British
contingent, were deployed in Beirut, after the Israeli siege of the city, to
supervise the evacuation of the PLO. In 1983, following the Beirut bombing, the
peacekeeping forces withdrew. Lebanon continues to be used a launching spot for
rocket attacks by Hezbollah on Israel. Hezbollah is a Lebanon based terrorist
organization that has become a major political payer in Lebanon. It was
conceived by Muslim clerics and funded by Iran. Its leaders were followers
of Ayatollah Khomeini, and its forces were trained and organized by a
contingent of 1,500 Iranian Revolutionary Guards that arrived from
Iran with permission from the Syrian government.
Syria – Is
another country that has known nothing but upheaval since it was a French
mandate. From WWI to the 60’s, the country was in a constant state of political
turmoil. After the Suez Canal Crisis, Syria signed a pact with
the Soviet Union. This gave the Soviets a foothold for Communist influence
within the government, in exchange for military equipment. This caused
considerable unease in their neighbor to the north, Turkey. While the current
president, Bashar al-Assad, is an Alawite Muslim, he has close ties to the
Iranian regime. Iran sees the survival of the Syrian government as being
crucial to its regional interests. Syria provides a crucial thoroughfare to
Hezbollah in Lebanon and Iran see’s al-Assad's Alawite minority led
government being a crucial buffer against the influence of Saudi Arabia and the
United States. In the on-going conflict in Syria, Iran has provided enormous
military resources, including strategic assistance, from its vaunted Qods force
in the fight against the rebels, of whom ISIS is a large part. ISIS (or ISIL,
or IS) is a Salafi Islamic group fighting to impose a global Islamic caliphate.
Many believe that the group’s roots are founded in the Muslim Brotherhood. It
adheres to global jihadist principles and follows the hardline
ideology of al-Qaeda, whom they separated from in 2014.
Have you noticed the one compelling and underlying issue
among all of this? Yes, Religion.
The other issue is Iran. Since 1979 they have been at the
forefront of sowing the seeds of discontent. They have been slow and
methodical, playing a game of chess and moving their pieces with a keen
tactical mind. The threat posed by a potential nuclear Iran is almost
unimaginable. I don’t get the warm and
fuzzies thinking about a nuclear powered Iran and I am sure that Israel
feels the same way. Iran has been adamant that they want Israel gone. This is
not an ‘old’ Mahmoud Ahmadinejad threat. The new Iranian President, Hassan
Rouhani, said in an interview that: "Israel
is a wound on the body of the world of Islam that must be destroyed."
Also, if I hear one more person say that Iran needs it for ‘energy’,
I think I’ll scream. Iran holds the world's fourth-largest crude oil reserves
and the world's second-largest natural gas reserves. Instead of pursuing
nuclear energy, made they should abandon that route and have the sanctions
lifted, which would allow them to better pursue these energy ventures.
Like I said, this is only a basic primer, to show you that
the issues are much more complex than some will say. Religion drives the
majority of conflicts, whether it is directed at Israel or whether it is direct
at internal sectarian issues. The folks in D.C. may be loathed to say it, but
it is a religious war we are dealing with. It always has been and we won’t do ourselves
any favors by pretending it isn’t. The conflict between Arab and Jew dates back four thousand years.
So the next time you’re watching the news, and you hear some
talking head say that in order to fix the problems we must look at the
socio-economic issues, turn it off and go pick up a book.